Kenneth Gergen in The Saturated Self points out how the modernist view of humans gave rise to the (questionable) personality questionnaire.
Continuing Gergen’s argument, the modernist view was that an ideal human would possess machine-like reliability and rationality – and would be genuine, principled and stable.
David Riesman’s book Lonely Crowd distinguished other-directed from inner-directed types of character. An inner-directed focus was a source of direction implanted by parents and family, that was aimed implacably at the achievement of goals.This sense of direction would keep the inner-directed person on a course towards those goals while negotiating the buffetings of the external environment. By contrast, an other-directed type would be without an internal guide, and would instead be guided by the immediate social surroundings. This type would tend to be superficial, a conformist with a high need for approval.
The inner-directed personality captured the central ideas of modernist humans. If people have machinelike essences, situated not too far from the surface (by contrast with the romantic self which was hidden deep and only hinted at in the real world) then these should be able to be measured. And if the essence of a person could be measured then this should lead to the ability to make predictions about people’s behaviour in the future.
Personality instruments are based on the assumption that people are basically consistent and stable through time, and that their essences will manifest like a fingerprint or DNA.
Gergen points out that the logic by which such tests demonstrate the internal traits of a person is both interesting and misleading.
A respondent puts marks with a pen on a piece of paper in certain patterns. While the person is doing the profile, no one knows what has caused the person to use that particular set of patterns. The interior essences have not been observed by anyone and nor is there any evidence for any other cause for the pattern of markings made by the responses. There is just as much evidence that the pattern of markings was caused by "spontaneous creativity" or "divine intervention." However, the tests are not said to measure spontaneous creativity, they are said to measure mental dispositions.
The measures are then used to make predictions such as university results, job fit and occupational success.
Gergen does not have an issue with the predictive correlations themselves, although interestingly many tests (e.g. Myers Briggs) are not supposed to be used for recruitment (i.e. to predict recruitmentn success), although they often are used for this purpose. But he points to what he calls a rhetorical sleight of hand that goes undetected by most people.
Successful predictions are called evidence that a test measures what it purports to measure. "Something" caused the person to mark the answers in a certain way, and if the score is correlated with future results, then the test must be measuring the "something" which must be what the test maker says it is. Gergen says this is like arguing that the internal voice of Satan causes people to have loose morals and that a correlation between a score on a morality test and the incidence of extramarital affairs shows that Satan is at work in the world.
In the modernist world, Satan is replaced by a machine-like essence as the fundamental source of human activity. In fact, the successful prediction of a personality test does not say anything about waht the essence of the person is. And a correlation between two factors does not mean that one caused the other.
All in all, another reason to be wary of personality questionnaires.
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Comment by John — November 12, 2011 @ 11:37 pm